Īccording to the hypothesis of Nico Kaptein of Leiden University, the Mawlid was initiated by the Fatimids. Ibn Jubayr, in 1183, writes that Muhammad's birthday was celebrated every Monday of Rabi' al-awwal at his birthplace, which had been converted into a place of devotion under the Abbasids. It has been suggested that the Mawlid was first formalized by Al-Khayzuran of the Abbasids. According to Festivals in World Religions, the Mawlid was first introduced by the Abbasids in Baghdad. According to Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God, the significance of the event was established when Muhammad fasted on Monday, citing the reason for this was his birth on that day, and when Umar took into consideration Muhammad's birth as a possible starting time for the Islamic calendar. The exact origins of the Mawlid is difficult to trace. Emphasis was given to the Ahl al-Bayt with presentation of sermons and recitations of the Qur'an. The celebrations occurred during the day, in contrast to modern day observances, with the ruler playing a key role in the ceremonies. The early celebrations, included elements of Sufic influence, with animal sacrifices and torchlight processions along with public sermons and a feast. In early days of Islam, observation of Muhammad's birth as a holy day was usually arranged privately and later was an increased number of visitors to the Mawlid house that was open for the whole day specifically for this celebration. The Garebeg festival celebrating Mawlid in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. The issue of the correct date of the Mawlid is recorded by Ibn Khallikan as constituting the first proven disagreement concerning the celebration. Nonetheless, others contend that the date of Muhammad's birth is unknown and is not definitively recorded in the Islamic traditions. It stands as a matter of ikhtilaf or disagreement. However, few Twelver Shia Muslims on the other hand assert that Muhammad was born on the 17th of Rabi' al-awwal.
Prominent Shia scholars such as Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Ibn Babawayh, and Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili have affirmed the date of the 12th of Rabi' al-Awal. Date Īccording to the majority of Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims, Muhammad was born on the 12th of Rabi' al-awwal. There has been a Mawlid for Ahmad al-Badawi, a local 13th-century Sufi saint, in Egypt. Around 3,000 Mawlid celebrations are held each year. In some countries, such as Egypt and Sudan, Mawlid is used as a generic term for the celebration of birthdays of local Sufi saints and not only restricted to the observance of the birth of Muhammad. Īlong with being referred to as the celebration of the birth of Muhammad, the term Mawlid refers to the 'text especially composed for and recited at Muhammad's nativity celebration' or "a text recited or sung on that day".
In contemporary usage, Mawlid refers to the observance of the birthday of Muhammad. Mawlid is derived from the Arabic root word ولد, meaning to give birth, bear a child, descendant. Some non-Muslim majority countries with large Muslim populations such as India also recognise it as a public holiday. Mawlid is recognized as a national holiday in most of the Muslim-majority countries of the world with the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Most denominations of Islam approve of the commemoration of Muhammad's birthday however, with the emergence of Wahhabism- Salafism, Deobandism and Ahl-i Hadith, many of the followers of these movements began to disapprove its commemoration, considering it an illicit religious innovation ( bid'ah or bidat).
The term Mawlid is also used in some parts of the world, such as Egypt, as a generic term for the birthday celebrations of other historical religious figures such as Sufi saints. The Ottomans declared it an official holiday in 1588, It has been said that the first Muslim ruler to officially celebrate the birth of Muhammad in an impressive ceremony was Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri (d. The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the Tabi‘un began to hold sessions in which poetry and songs composed to honour Muhammad were recited and sung to the crowds. Mawlid ( Arabic: مَولِد, lit.'Birth '), is the observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which is commemorated primarily on 12th of Rabi' al-Awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.
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